Every three seconds, a new case of dementia is diagnosed globally, making it a significant health concern, particularly in the United States where it is a leading cause of death. Despite these daunting statistics, there is promising news: up to 40 percent of dementia cases might be preventable by altering certain risk factors, with diet being a major player in this preventive strategy.

To enhance brain health and reduce the risk of dementia, it is essential to minimize the intake of red meat, butter, stick margarine, cheese, fast food, and sweets. Instead, focusing on certain foods and drinks can make a substantial difference.

High-quality olive oil is a standout choice for both heart and brain health. A 2024 study in JAMA Network Open highlights its benefits:

“In a prospective cohort study of 92,383 adults observed over 28 years, the consumption of more than 7 g/d of olive oil was associated with a 28 percent lower risk of dementia-related death compared with never or rarely consuming olive oil, irrespective of diet quality.”

Tea, whether green or black, is another excellent addition to a brain-healthy diet. According to a meta-analysis of seven studies involving over 410,000 participants:

“Our meta-analysis demonstrated that tea (green tea or black tea) intake or consumption is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VD). These findings provide evidence that tea intake or consumption should be recognized as an independent protective factor against the onset of dementia, AD or VD.”

While experts generally advise against alcohol consumption, some research suggests that moderate intake of flavonoid-rich red wine might offer cognitive benefits. However, the Alzheimer’s Society cautions:

“Excessive alcohol consumption increases a person’s risk of developing dementia… so if you do not currently drink alcohol, you should not start as a way to reduce dementia risk.”

Incorporating beans and legumes into your diet can also support brain health. Known for their longevity-promoting properties, these foods are rich in fiber, protein, complex carbohydrates, B vitamins, iron, and folate. They are linked to improved heart health, a reduced cancer risk, and a lower risk of cognitive decline. The MIND diet suggests consuming at least four servings of beans weekly, though many of the world’s longest-living populations enjoy them daily.

By making these dietary adjustments, you can take proactive steps toward protecting your brain health and potentially lowering your risk of developing dementia.

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Understanding the reasons behind vitamin deficiencies can be as important as addressing the deficiencies themselves. While many people turn to supplements or dietary changes to boost their vitamin intake, they often overlook the underlying causes that might be affecting their health. We spoke with experts to uncover some surprising factors that can lead to vitamin deficiencies.

Stress

Stress is a well-known health disruptor, and it also plays a role in depleting essential vitamins. Serena Poon, a certified nutritionist and wellness advisor, highlights that stress increases the body’s need for B vitamins and vitamin C, potentially leading to deficiencies. A 2019 review further supports this by stating: “The largest body of evidence demonstrates stress-induced depletion of magnesium and zinc, although several studies (both human and animal) demonstrate the effects of stress on calcium and iron concentrations.”

Aging

As we age, our bodies become less efficient at absorbing and synthesizing essential vitamins. Poon notes that a decline in stomach acid, known as hypochlorhydria, is a primary factor. The Cleveland Clinic explains, “Stomach acid is necessary for digestion and absorption of protein, vitamin B12, and several minerals.” This inefficiency can result in vitamin B12 deficiency, which may lead to iron deficiency anemia.

Vegan or Vegetarian Diets

Adopting a vegan or vegetarian diet can sometimes result in lower iron intake compared to diets that include meat. Patricia Pinto-Garcia, MD, MPH, explains, “Even though many plant-based foods are still a good source of iron, the body has a harder time absorbing iron from plants than from animal products.” Additionally, she points out that, “People can also develop B12 deficiency if they don’t eat any animal-based products (dairy, meat, etc.) since B12 is not found in plant-based foods.”

Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Heavy drinking can interfere with the absorption of B vitamins such as thiamine (B1), folate, and vitamin B12. Nutritionist Peter Brukner OAM, MBBS, explains, “This happens because alcohol can disturb the intestines’ way of taking in vitamins and also affects how the liver keeps them.” Pinto-Garcia adds that alcohol use disorder can cause stomach inflammation, leading to nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite.

Smoking

Smoking is harmful in numerous ways, including its impact on vitamin levels. Poon points out that smoking can lead to vitamin C deficiency, “which compromises immune health and tissue repair.” This correlation was established in an often-cited 1989 study.

Certain Medications

Some medications can interfere with nutrient absorption. Brukner explains, “For example, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which people often use to treat acid reflux, can reduce the amount of stomach acid.” This reduction can hinder the absorption of vitamin B12 and magnesium. Diuretics, on the other hand, can cause deficiencies in potassium and/or magnesium.

Hormonal Fluctuations

Hormonal changes, whether due to conditions like hypothyroidism or life stages such as pregnancy, can alter vitamin requirements. Poon notes, “Pregnant women, for instance, require higher levels of folate (vitamin B9), iron, and vitamin D to support the growing fetus and prevent complications.” Dr. Daniel Perl also mentions that women with heavy menstrual flows might experience iron deficiencies due to excess blood loss.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s can lead to vitamin deficiencies. Pinto-Garcia states, “This happens because the conditions affect how well the bowel absorbs vitamins and nutrients.” Common deficiencies include vitamin K, B12, iron, zinc, and other B vitamins. Treatment for these conditions can help manage inflammation and prevent further gut damage.

Gastrointestinal Issues

Gastrointestinal issues such as hemorrhoids, colon polyps, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer, colon cancer, and celiac disease can cause blood loss in the GI tract, leading to iron deficiency. Dr. Perl highlights that these issues can significantly impact vitamin absorption and overall health.

Poor Diet

A diet lacking in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can lead to various vitamin deficiencies. While supplements can help, it’s crucial to address dietary habits that might be contributing to these deficiencies.

Uncovering the hidden causes of vitamin deficiencies can be eye-opening. From lifestyle choices like diet and stress to health conditions and medications, numerous factors can impact vitamin levels. By understanding these causes, you can take proactive steps to maintain a balanced and healthy lifestyle.

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When it comes to indulging in a sweet treat, dark chocolate not only satisfies your cravings but also offers a range of health benefits backed by scientific research. While moderation is key due to its calorie, sugar, and fat content, incorporating dark chocolate with a high cocoa content into your diet can be a wellness-conscious choice. Here are seven compelling reasons why dark chocolate deserves a spot in your routine.

One of the most delightful benefits of dark chocolate is its ability to improve mood. A study conducted in 2022 explored the psychological effects of consuming 85 percent and 70 percent dark chocolate compared to no chocolate over three weeks. The findings revealed that “daily consumption of dark chocolate significantly reduced negative affect in DC85, but not in DC70.”

Dark chocolate also plays a role in enhancing heart health, particularly in terms of cholesterol and blood pressure. Research demonstrated that participants who consumed dark chocolate with plant sterols (PS) experienced reductions in serum total and LDL cholesterol by 2.0 and 5.3 percent, respectively. Additionally, the consumption of cocoa flavanols was associated with reduced systolic blood pressure. “Results indicate that regular consumption of chocolate bars containing PS and CF as part of a low-fat diet may support cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and improving blood pressure,” the study concluded.

Nutritionally, dark chocolate is a powerhouse of essential vitamins and minerals. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), a 100-gram bar of dark chocolate with 70–85 percent cocoa provides 96 percent of the daily value (DV) for copper, 66 percent of the DV for iron, 57 percent of the DV for magnesium, and 39 percent of the DV for fiber. However, it’s important to note that this amount also contains multiple servings and approximately 500 calories.

Intriguingly, dark chocolate may also reduce the risk of stroke. A meta-analysis of three studies indicated that consuming dark chocolate could potentially halve stroke risk. This is attributed to the presence of antioxidants known as flavonoids, which possess anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and antithrombotic properties. However, study author Sarah Sahib, BScCA, cautions that “more research is needed to determine whether chocolate truly lowers stroke risk or whether healthier people are simply more likely to eat chocolate than others.”

Cognitive benefits are another reason to enjoy dark chocolate. A 2016 study highlighted the positive impact of cocoa flavanols and methylxanthines on cognitive performance. The research found that “habitual chocolate intake was related to cognitive performance,” with frequent chocolate consumption being “significantly associated with better performance on the Global Composite score, Visual-Spatial Memory and Organization, Working Memory, Scanning and Tracking, Abstract Reasoning, and the Mini-Mental State Examination.”

Dark chocolate can also contribute to skin health. A study from 2009 examined the effects of chocolate consumption on skin health among 30 healthy individuals. Participants who consumed high-flavanol chocolate experienced significant photoprotection against harmful UV effects. The study concluded, “Our study demonstrated that regular consumption of a chocolate rich in flavanols confers significant photoprotection and can thus be effective at protecting human skin from harmful UV effects. Conventional chocolate has no such effect.”

In summary, dark chocolate offers a myriad of health benefits, from boosting mood and heart health to providing essential nutrients and protecting the skin. While it’s important to enjoy it in moderation, incorporating dark chocolate into your diet can be a delicious way to enhance your overall well-being.

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